OPA Newsletter June 1986
New Series No. 50
June 1986
THE OLD PHAROSIANS’
NEWS LETTER
President:
J. D. McNeil, Esq.
Secretary:
Philip Harding, Esq., 6 Monins Road, Dover
Treasurer:
Ian Pascall, Esq., 45a Bewsbury Cross Lane, Whitfield CT16 3EZ
Editor:
K. H. Ruffell, Esq., 193 The Gateway, Dover CT16 1LL
NEWS OF THE ASSOCIATION
LONDON REUNION,
Thursday, 26th June Another London Reunion has been arranged at the “Dover Castle” hostelry in Weymouth Mews, off Cavendish Street, west of Broadcasting House.
It has been customary for men to gather in a room set apart for our use from 6.00 p.m. to 8.00 p.m.
Food is provided and during the evening Headmaster speaks about the school at this time. A charge of £3 covers food and other incidental expenses.
Denis Gibb has sent notices of the Reunion to many Old Pharosians who have come on previous occasions. But any reader of this Newsletter is very welcome. It would be helpful if those coming would let Denis know so that food can be ordered. His address is 76 Cheshire Gardens, Chessington, Surrey: and his phone number is 01 397 6280.
FORTY YEARS ON (1946-86)
The organising of the reunion dinner for the 1946 first-year intake has progressed since it was first reported last July. A dinner, with the kind permission of the Headmaster, is to be held in the Great Hall at the school on Saturday, 4th October. “So far the organisers have been able to contact about a third of the intake (28 out of 75), most of whom have said they will be coming to the reunion. Any others of the class of 46 who are interested in joining in the celebration should contact Miller or Burville at the addresses given below. Any assistance from Old Pharosians in contacting members of the year would be greatly appreciated.
Mr. R. J. Miller, 112 Maison Dieu Road, Dover. Home (0304) 206073, office 01-229 2488.
Dr. P. J. Burville, Sea Gate, Goodwin Road, St. Margaret’s Bay, Dover. Home (0304) 853267, office 01-215 4577.
“FROM THE COMMITTEE ROOM
Friday, 7th March: Treasurer reported that Current Account stood at £96 and we had £3240 in the Woolwich Building Society, of which £930 was held in readiness for the next contribution to be paid in June for repair of school organ. The Association has already paid £570 for this purpose and will eventually have paid a total of £1500, the Parents’ Association paying a like sum.
Charitable Status should be a great help to Association Funds. This matter has been investigated by a sub-committee and draft proposals were to be prepared by Treasurer and Secretary for the next meeting. Revision of the Constitution, hitherto known as the Articles of Association, would be necessary for approval by the A.G.M. in September.
Committee decided on its nominations for President and Vice-President. Dr. Peter Burville, now Vice-President, to become President for 1986-87. For Vice-President the nomination of Mr. George Curry is proposed: and for 1987-88 when George will in the normal course of events be President, he will be supported by Mr. Maurice Smith as Vice-President. The A.G.M. will of course vote on these Committee nominations.
Thursday, 8th May: Treasurer reported that finances were virtually unchanged from his last statement. ” During the meeting £60 was voted as a contribution to a social for school-leavers.
Computing facilities within the school gave rise to consideration that names and addresses of members might be printed within the school.
Draft new Constitution and the intention to achieve Charitable Status were discussed after the Treasurer and Secretary had presented, with approval by Maurice Sayers, their proposed format.
Drafts of these proposals will be placed before members with the present June Newsletter.
Peter Burville led discussion of the Dinner to follow the A.G.M. on 20th September. Details will also be given with the June Newsletter
A plaque to accompany a sundial as a memorial to Miss Rookwood is to be placed in the school: and a memorial to Bernard Denham, probably with some relationship to Maths or Careers, is under consideration by school, family and friends.
The late J. V. Horn, for many years a life member and frequently present at the A.G.M. and Dinner died in April and made generous bequests to the school. A piano, clavichord, other musical materials and books will be coming to the school in the very near future. (They have in fact already arrived on 9th May.)
CORRESPONDENCE AND VISITS TO THE SCHOOL
The editor has enjoyed interesting correspondence from David Gunn, Dr. R. G. Thorp, Frank Seely, Alistair Shaw, Jim Paterson, Captain Waters, Bob Unstead, Ted Barker, Harry Blackford, The Bishop of Plymouth, George Curry, Will Watkins and several others.
The Visitors’ Book, presented by Tom Beer, shows that eight Old Pharosians have recently called at school and signed the book.
Callers can look into the Staff Book presented by Ken Lott. It has a detailed, informative entry for every one who has ever taught in the school, beginning with No. 1, Fred Whitehouse and continuing to No. 323 who entered the school in 1985.
OLD BOYS v. SCHOOL CRICKET MATCH, 1986. Saturday, 12th July, 2.00 p.m.
Any Old Pharosian wishing to play should write to Jack Kremer at 37 Old Park Hill, Dover. Any Old Pharosian coming to the match is welcome to take tea with the teams and meat friends.
OLD BOYS v. SCHOOL SOCCER MATCH, 1986. Saturday, 20th September, 2.30 p.m.
Any Old Pharosian wishing to play should write to Mick Palmer at 12 Hazeldown Close, River, Dover.
RUGBY, 1986 and 1987
On Wednesday, 19th March at 4.00 p.m. on the Crabble ground the Old Boys’ XV beat the school by 10 points to 4. It was a good match with the school lasting better and scoring a try in the closing minutes.
Next year’s match will be on 18th March and anyone wishing to play should write to Mr. Malcolm Grant at the school.
PANORAMIC SCHOOL PHOTOGRAPHS
The archivist, Mr. S. Wenborn, who lives at 88 Minnis Lane, River, Dover has panoramic school photographs taken in the years 1933, ’36, ’48, ’50, ’55/56, ’59, ’63, ’68 and 1983/84. If anyone has photographs of other years Mr, Wenborn would like to be able to borrow them so that a copy can be taken.
NEWS OF THE SCHOOL
THE PAST YEAR IN BRITISH SCHOOLS AND PARTICULARLY IN D.B.G.S.
The Secretary of State for Education has been an elderly politician approaching retirement. He has had ideas but not the funds to implement them, the government’s main aim being to keep down public expenditure so as to reduce inflation. Having fought off a long strike by miners the government has been quite prepared to sit out a protracted period of ill-will among school teachers.
Young teachers feel undervalued and underpaid. Teaching is a demanding, stressful occupation before, during and after time spent in front of a class. In Britain, by comparison with other countries, the teaching demands are excessive and to them are added extra-curricular expectations. On the other hand there is much to be said for teaching. Except on wet Friday afternoons in November it is possible to feel that the job is worthwhile. As with most jobs, the more you put into it and the more efficiently you perform, the more is your enjoyment and success and reward. Good teaching is recognized and rewarded.
A teacher has a quarter of each year out of school. Security of tenure is worth a lot these days. In time of ill-health a teacher can receive full pay for six months. Employers and teachers contribute to a pension which is a financial basis for the good life in retirement.
The school in which readers of this Newsletter feel continuing interest and for which they often express gratitude and good will has not been untouched by the current malaise.
The processes of teaching and learning have suffered by the unhelpful attitudes of some teachers.
Those responsible for keeping the school in operation show the strain. School games may never return to the quantity and quality that boys formerly enjoyed. On the other hand, expeditions go further afield than ever before, new equipment is installed in technical departments, somehow money has been found to paint walls that were shabby; and these Newsletters tell of the music that now enriches boys’ lives.
In the last few weeks a fifth form boy wrote to the Dover Express saying that unhelpful teachers were damaging his prospects of success at ‘O’ levels. This letter was answered by the Chairman of the Parents’ Association. In turn, the parent of the boy involved has published a dignified view of the matter: and here we hope the fire and counter-fire in the public press may end.
Within the school a return to good will and good work is necessary. The signs are favourable. A good school is one in which the processes of teaching and learning are efficiently conducted in an atmosphere of good human relationship. Now is the time to rebuild these essential good human relationships.
K.H.R. 1937 to 1979.
CAREERS
Sir Robin Haydon chaired a meeting attended by employers and careers officers who came to the school to give guidance on this subject.
SIXTH FORM DEVELOPMENT
Five schools in Dover and Deal, Including Dover Grammar School for Boys, have combined resources to co-ordinate studies leading to the Certificate of Pre-Vocational Education,
SCHOOL GAMES
On 14th February the Dover Express filled a page with photographs under the title “Grammar school boys represent Kent in sports”. There were soccer players, swimmers, cross-country runners, cricketers and experts in judo, boxing and sailing. Several boys won medals for skill in judo at Kent championships.
SOCCER
The very successful 1st XI of last season have been followed by one equally good or even better this year. Five boys have played in Kent representative XI’s and at the annual soccer festival for county teams at Skegness, San Emeterio was the leading goal-scorer.
SAILING
Old Pharosians Nick and Tony Smither were winners of the Dover Yacht Club’s winter series.
Chris Choules and Stephen Rockcliffe, still at the School, were the best Under-18 combination.
COMBINED CADET FORCE
About 100 boys paraded on 25th April for the annual inspection. The inspecting officer was Rear Admirel Grenier, C.-in-C., Navel Home Command, Portsmouth.
Leslie Lane, the school’s Head Prefect, has gained a place at St. John’s College, Oxford.
Martin Ruck, an accomplished and experienced musician, is going to Oriel College, Oxford,
Edward Collins, aged 13, won a competition in which he wrote and illustrated an essay on the International Youth Year. His prize was a journey to Rome where he received Mass in the Pope’s private chapel and was received in audience by the Pope.
Cinque Ports Choirboy of the Year is a title awarded to David Alcindor at a Performing Arts Festival in Folkestone. He is head choirboy in River church and his treble solos have been enjoyed in school concerts and on many occasions when the school choir have sung services in cathedrals.
The School’s Lenten Appeal raised £1600 for King’s College Hospital who are raising funds for a scanner much needed in South-East England.
SCHOOL MUSIC
Concerts in March at the Royal Marines Church in Deal and the Catholic Church, Dover Vivaldi’s Gloria and Rossini’s Stabat Mater.
This ambitious programme was performed with immense success. The soloists were friends of the school, well known in local musical circles, The orchestra was composed of about thirty players, mostly professional instrumentalists: and massed behind them was a choir of about forty boys, some girls from their grammar school and a few parents. The boys who took part will long remember the experience as will all those who were so fortunate as to listen and admire the quality of performance under the direction of Adrian Boynton.
The School’s Spring Concert, 24th March
This begins traditionally and rightly with young performers making their first public display of their developing skill. Then the many facets of school music appear in concert, including the organ, a rare treasure in a state school, recorders, choirs and ensembles of many kinds. The soloists quite clearly love their instruments: the choirs and ensembles enjoy performing together. The whole evening is arranged, presented and held together by the Director of Music: and the audience of parents and friends would be less numerous if Mr. Ian Bird did not drive around the town in the school minibus at the start and end of the evening, as he does on so many occasions.
Westminster Abbey, 7th April
The school choir was again honoured by the invitation to sing Evensong in the Abbey. In fact a similar invitation was received to sing in St. Paul’s Cathedral on the same date.
The choir numbered about fifty, including a few adults, some of them Old Pharosians, and girls who are members of the chamber choir. The occasion was observed as the Feast of the Annunciation, so the two Bible readings were familiarly known from Carol Services.
Psalm III was beautifully sung with every word clearly pronounced, including “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom”. As a concluding anthem the choir sang “I was glad when they said unto me” by Hubert Parry, an anthem with references to the cause of peace.
A considerable following of parents was present with the choir. A couple of dozen cards had been sent to London Old Pharosians, some of whom were able to be present. The President and Mrs. McNeil came up to town from Walmer: and one Old Pharosian said “I left my office at five minutes to five o’clock, jumped in a taxi and only missed the first few minutes of the service.”
The choir and their inspiration, the Director of Music, were invited by the Precentor to come again next year. We will try to give earlier notice to Old Pharosians. The experience is one to be savoured and treasured.
24th April
An evening of popular music; provided by Geoff Lipscombe (concert organist), Jean Lewis (mezzo-soprano), John Ravenhill (baritone) and the school’s Concert Band and Jazz Group was much enjoyed and provided, as usual with these concerts at monthly intervals, about £100 to the resources available for school music.
9th May
The school choir, chamber choir and instrumentalists gave a concert in St. Andrew’s Church, Buckland for the Church of England Children’s Society.
25th May
A concert was given in St. Margaret’s Church for Christian Aid.
THE MAY BALL
On Saturday, 1st May was attended by about 200 people. The pre-dinner drinks and the meal itself were splendid. Parents, Old Boys and School had formed a committee to make arrangements including decorations that were universally admired. There was more conversation than dancing and people seemed to be enjoying themselves after their own fashion.
NEWS OF OLD PHAROSIANS
ADDRESS WANTED
A Life Member, A. J. Knott, has moved and we do not know his address. Can anyone please inform the editor?
OBITUARIES
Monsignor Jamos Callanan, M.A., K.H.s., Vicar General of the Diocese of Southwark, died on the 20th January, aged 69 years. A Requiem Mass was celebrated in St. George’s Cathedral. He and his brother were the first Roman Catholic boys in the school and he renewed links with the school when in 1981 he came to be present when the Duke of Kent spent a day at the school. “He was a wonderful person, an example of the good qualities of mankind, of whom the school can be truly proud. He always spoke well of his former school.” Area Bishop in Southwark writing of Monsignor Canon Joseph Callanan. Reg Payne represented School and Old Pharosians at the Requiem Mass.
J. V. Horn (1921-27) died on 18th April after a. long illness bravely borne. The funeral was at St. George’s Catholic Church in Wembley. Mr. Horn, who frequently came to Dover on Old Pharosian occasions, left books and other property to the school.
Where have all the leavers gone?
1985 SCHOOL LEAVERS
Quite exceptionally, in part through the school office and largely through energetic inquiries and visiting by the President, assisted by archivist Sydney Wenborn, the Newsletter is able to publish news of most of those who left school last year. This will be of interest to those who are close contemporaries of those on the list; but will be also an indication to those who have trodden this path some years ago of the contemporary struggle to make one’s way from school into adult life. Readers may justifiably feel that the school’s record in this vital matter is not without success. About half of the school-leavers in 1985 joined the Old Pharosians’ Association, usually as Life Members. The Editor apologises for any errors or omissions. In spite of every effort, notably by the President Mac McNeil, it has not been possible to trace all school-leavers.
ABBOTT, A. Civil Service.
ALDRED, V. Accountancy.
ALLISON, P. D. Mathematics, University of Kent.
BROWN, J; P. Law, Chelmsford College of Higher Education.
BUTTON, C. E. German and Latin, King’s College, London.
CARTER, J. A. Naval College, Dartmouth.
CARR, S. E. Art, Canterbury College.
COOPER, J. R. Jeweller’s shop.
DAVIES, S. Chartered Surveying.
FILE, R. D. Surveying and Mapping, N.E. London Poly.
HAMMOND, D. Technology, South Kent College.
GALLEY, A. J. Dover Customs.
GOLDFINCH, E. W. Business Studies, City of London Poly.
HALL, K. P. Nat West Bank, Deal.
HARMER, J. C. Electronics.
HOUGHTON, M. R. Catering, Thanet College.
JAMES, S. W. A. M.F.I.
JOHNSON, A. L Townsend Thoresen.
KEATES, P. A. Physics and Maths, Reading University.
KEMBERY, E. F. Newcastle University.
KENCHINGTON, A. Engineering, Sydney Sussex, Cambridge.
KINGS LAND, M. J. Business Studies, Canterbury College.
LATHAM, S. Jeweller’s shop.
LOVELL, A. J. Printing.
McBRIDE, S. Maths, Operational Research and Accountancy, Lancaster University.
MacWILLIAM, M. R. Aeronautical Engineering, Kingston Polytechnic.
MANN, M. J. Manchester University.
MARGESON, H. P. Dover Harbour Board;
MARSH, Chef’s course, Thanet Technical College.
MITCHINSON, J. E. F. Civil Engineering, Liverpool University.
MONGER, J. W. Mathematics, Churchill College, Cambridge.
MOORE, G. M. H.M. Forces, Woolwich.
MORRIS, P. M. Short service Commission, Royal Marines.
MOSS, S. Imperial College.
NICE, A. T. Classics and Music, Aberystwyth University.
OLIVER, N. J. Psychology, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.
OSMOND, S. T. M.O.D. Police.
PAINE, M. R. Royal Air Force.
PARSONS, E. J. Civil Engineering university course.
PHILPOTT, B. D. Trustee Savings Bank.
PROUT, M. F. Barclays Bank.
PUNT, N. Business Studies, South Kent College of Technology.
RICHARDS, J. Geography, R.H.B.N. College, London.
RIPLEY, M. H. Catering, Canterbury College of Technology.
RUSSELL, D. J. Dover Wine Bar.
SHEEHAN, M. C. Naval College, Dartmouth.
SHEPHERD, R. G. Geography or Modern European. Studies.
SHEPHERD, M. S. Electronic Engineering, Hull University.
SILK, M. B. and Q. SKARDON, N. R. Meteorology at Manston and Farnborough.
SMITH, J. E. Dentistry, Guy’s Hospital.
SMITH, R. C. Production Engineering, Brighton Poly.
SMITH, S. Chef’s Course, Thanet Technical College.
SMITH, S. L. French and Business Studies, Hull University.
SPENCE, D. Agricultural Engineering, Rycotewood College, Oxford.
STEVENS, A. Modern Languages with Economic and Political Studies, Newcastle Polytechnic.
THOMPSON, M. South Kent College of Technology.
TONKS, D. K. South Kent College of Technology.
THORN, M. P. Applied Biology, Bath University.
WATSON, R. W. Army Apprentice.
WILSON, M. A. Chemistry, York University.
WOOD, P. L. Printing and Art, Thanet College of Technology.
WYBORN, D. J. Environmental Science, East Anglia University.
About 80 boys left school in 1985: Of these 3 went to Oxbridge, 17 to other Universities, 18 to Polytechnics, Colleges of Technology and other places of Higher Education, 8 to the armed services and civil services, 16 to banking, accountancy and other business appointments, about 18 leavers have not informed the school of their further progress.
Arch Coulson (1928 to 71) has been honoured by the award of an M.Sc. degree for his work in the teaching of computing. He developed this subject In the school from 1958 to his retirement. Before retirement he had established links with the computing facilities at the University of Kent where he has been an honorary lecturer. He was a founder member of the Association for Computing in the Humanities and for ten years was Chairman of the Kent branch of the British Computer Society. The degree will be conferred at a ceremony in Canterbury Cathedral.
G. H. Bayford is a solicitor in Burnham, Slough, SL1 7JX working with his brother John who is senior partner.
Two brothers: S. A. Beck (1972-80) took a degree in Physiology at Chelsea and is researching at Trent Polytechnic in muscle fatigue among sportsmen. J. G. Beck is also at Trent Polytechnic taking a degree in Sports Administration
Mervyn Cooke (1974-81) a postgraduate continuing his musical work at King’s College, Cambridge, has composed a Horn Sonata which was played on Radio 3 on 28th May.
Eddie Crush was a member representing Kent on the disciplinary committee of the Test and County Cricket Board that met at Lord’s on 29th May to sit in judgement on the Botham affair.
C. J. F. Deverson (1975-83) has a Biology degree from Queen Mary College and is now working in Micro-biology at the London Hospital.
Piers Garner (1968-75) wrote from 30 King Street, 8Bridport, DT6 3QD. He spent three years at Sheffield University, obtained his degree and moved to Bridport where he is a partner in the family business of running a record shop. He has been married for five years and has a baby daughter.
M. J. Gill (1971-78) is now a doctor at St. Mary’s Hospital in Coddington.
David Gunn appears with his wife at many of the school’s social occasions and two of his daughters are involved with the chamber choir. David looks after the family business in Worthington Street but finds time for voluntary work with the Youth Custody Centre where he has been on the Board of Visitors and when Chairman showed Mr. William Whitelaw round the establishment. He is Chairman of the St. Nicholas Players at Ringwould. His father, Alfred, a former President of the O.P. Association, is again on the Association Committee and though retired from the business tends to reappear on the scene at Christmastime.
R. V. Graeme (1931-36) and J. R. Graeme (1958-63). Two members of the Graeme family are in the insurance broking business, appropriately named Pharos Brokers, at 24 London Road, Dover.
Christopher Horn (1970-77) has now been at Leeds University for nine years, spending his non teaching time in research on wool with possibilities that his results may have value in forensic work. He has prepared his thesis for Ph.D. and an award is likely in the present summer.
Jim Paterson (1922-31) has retired after forty years of service to Baines Grammar School at Poulton le Fylde, Lancashire. At Dover County School he was Captain of Cricket in 1930 and 1931 and Captain of Soccer from 1929 to 1931. He read Modern Languages at Cambridge and then went to Baines Grammar School in 1935. He was on War Service from 1940 to 1946, commissioned and spent some of the time In North Africa. He has been senior games master from 1955 to 1964 and has held up Frank Woolley and Colin Cowdrey as examples of great players and gentlemen on and off the field. He has been Head of the German department and is replaced by one of his former pupils. In retirement he spends much time walking over Lakeland fells and intends one day to return to Dover. He will be very welcome.
Chris Penn (1974-81) married Customs Officer Caroline Cooper at St. Martin’s Church on 22nd March in the presence of several members of the Kent County Cricket XI. Some of us have seen him this season playing at Canterbury and Lord’s. He moves the ball away from the right-handed batsmen but the abundance of talent in Kent this year limits his opportunities. For the same reasons Derek Aslett is having to await his chance, which will surely come.
Alistair Shaw (1954-60) (named Eekhout when at school) wrote from 75 Upper Kinnedar, Saline, Fife KY12 9TR where he lives with his wife and two daughters. He is the Internal Auditor for the Dunfermline Building Society, hailing qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 1966. He has travelled to four continents and many countries but retains affection for East Kent and would be glad to hear from any of his school friends.
Peter Stone (1974-80) has been awarded a Performers’ Licentiate of the London College of Music and is now working for a Fellowship.
Norman Sutton (1909-12) celebrated his 90th birthday in January with a party given at Kearsney Manor Nursing Home by the Dover Rotary Club.
Dr. R. G. Thorp (1953-60) has now left Imperial Chemical Industries where he worked from 1968 to 1984. He spent 1984-85 at Sheffield University leading to an M.Sc. in Information Studies: and is now working as an Information Scientist at Shell Research Ltd. near Chester where he lives.
Keith Wells (1958-63) has been promoted to be an Inspector of Police and is now stationed in Dover where he will work with Superintendent McCarthy, also an Old Pharosian.
Captain David Waters (1930-38) wrote from 604 Normanton Court, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8S 5H7. He had visited the school in 1984 and saw little changed except the swimming-pool and the need for a coat of paint. After leaving school he went to a Navigation School and then to sea as an apprentice fed on “Board of Trade” rations. He served as a deck officer throughout the war, married in New York and made his home in Vancouver. He gained his master’s certificate and has been employed in shipping on the Pacific coast until retirement.
Two other brothers: S. C. Wright (1973-80) has a degree in Zoology and is now following a Ph.D. course in Biology. D. H. Wright (1975-82) is in his second year of a Chemistry course at Hull University.
FUTURE DATES
JUNE
Thursday. 26th, 6.00 p.m. O.P. London Reunion.
JULY
Friday. 4th, 6.00 p.m. Summer Fete at DBGS for Friends of Music.
Saturday. 12th, 2.30 p.m. O.P. v. School cricket match.
Sunday, 13th, 7.00 p.m. School choir sings Elijah in St. Clement’s Church, Sandwich.
Tuesday. 15th. 7.00 p.m. Elijah sung in Charlton Church.
Monday, 21st 7.00 p.m. The Summer Miscellany.
Saturday, 26th. 3.00 p.m. School choir sings Evensong in Rochester Cathedral.
SEPTEMBER
1st to 5th. School choir sings Evensong in York Minster.
Saturday, 20th. OLD BOYS’ DAY: AGM, Soccer and Dinner.
OCTOBER
Saturday, 4th. The new President, Peter Burville’s 40 Years On, 1946-86. All who joined the school in 1946 are welcome.
NOVEMBER
Thursday. 20th, 7.00 p.m. O.P. Committee meets.
Friday, 21st. School Guest Evening.
DECEMBER
Wednesday, 17th. End of Term and 7.00 p.m. School Carol Service in Charlton Church.
CASSETTE OF CHRISTMAS CAROLS sung by the school choir
A cassette has been made of recordings taken during last year’s Carol Service at Charlton Church. Further orders can be made for this cassette by writing to the Director of Music at the school or to the Editor.
The cost is £4.50 which includes cost of postage. Please write as soon as you can so that we can gauge the number to be made.
Cheques should be made out to FRIENDS OF MUSIC AT DBGS.